Mahajan begins with the causes, events, and immediate aftermath of the French Revolution (1789) , focusing on how it dismantled the Ancien Régime .
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Industrialization created a massive urban working class (the proletariat) facing harsh conditions. This environment catalyzed the rise of socialist ideologies, most notably formulated by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
: Napoleon Bonaparte capitalized on the instability of the Directory to establish an empire.
With centralized nation-states established, European powers turned their focus outward, competing for global dominance while building volatile domestic alliance networks. New Imperialism
In the dusty, dim-lit stacks of a university library, a weary student named Leo finally found it: the thick, green-bound copy of .
